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GNDU QUESTION PAPERS 2022
BA/BSc 6
th
SEMESTER
INDIAN CLASSICAL DANCE
Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 50
Note: Aempt Five quesons in all, selecng at least One queson from each secon. The
Fih queson may be aempted from any secon. All quesons carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
1. Explain in detail about Kuchipudi with its costume and music.
2. What do you know about Abhinaya and its bhedas ?
SECTION-B
3. Write about the Guru-Shishya parampara.
4. Write in detail about Thumri in Kathak.
SECTION-C
5. Describe Indian and Western Dances in detail.
6. Write at length about Nayika Bhedas.
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SECTION-D
7. Write the notaons of Teen Taal-Paran, Chakardar Paran, Kavit and Salami.
8. Write about any ve Folk dances of Harayana.
GNDU ANSWER PAPERS 2022
BA/BSc 6
th
SEMESTER
INDIAN CLASSICAL DANCE
Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 50
Note: Aempt Five quesons in all, selecng at least One queson from each secon. The
Fih queson may be aempted from any secon. All quesons carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
1. Explain in detail about Kuchipudi with its costume and music.
Ans: Origin and Background of Kuchipudi
Kuchipudi takes its name from the small village called Kuchipudi village located in the state
of Andhra Pradesh. This dance form began around the 17th century and is strongly
associated with a saint and scholar named Siddhendra Yogi, who is believed to be the
founder of this tradition.
Originally, Kuchipudi was performed only by male Brahmin dancers who traveled from
village to village presenting dance dramas based on stories from Hindu mythology. These
performances were not just meant for entertainment but were also a way to spread
spiritual teachings and moral values. Over time, women also began learning and performing
Kuchipudi, and today it is practiced by dancers across the world.
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One of the most famous dance dramas choreographed by Siddhendra Yogi is Bhama
Kalapam, which tells the story of Satyabhama, the proud and beautiful wife of Lord Krishna.
This drama remains an important part of Kuchipudi performances even today.
Unique Features of Kuchipudi
What makes Kuchipudi special is its perfect balance between Nritya (expressive dance) and
Natya (dramatic storytelling). Unlike some classical dance forms that focus heavily on
technical precision, Kuchipudi feels light, fluid, and theatrical.
A few important characteristics include:
Graceful Movements: The steps are rounded and flowing rather than sharp, giving the
dance a natural elegance.
Expressive Acting: Facial expressions and hand gestures are used beautifully to convey
emotions such as love, anger, devotion, and joy.
Dance on a Brass Plate: One of the most exciting elements is the Tarangam, where the
dancer balances on a brass plate while performing rhythmic footwork. This requires
immense control and skill.
Dialogue and Singing: Traditionally, dancers sometimes spoke or even sang parts of
their performance, making it closer to a dance-drama than a silent recital.
Because of these qualities, watching Kuchipudi often feels like watching a live story unfold
before your eyes.
Costume of Kuchipudi
The costume in Kuchipudi is designed to enhance the dancer’s movements while also
reflecting the richness of Indian tradition.
Female Costume
Female dancers usually wear a beautifully stitched saree that allows easy leg movement.
Unlike a regular saree, it is tailored specifically for dance. The bright colors—such as red,
green, orange, and gold—help the dancer stand out on stage.
Jewelry plays an important role. Dancers wear traditional temple ornaments including
necklaces, earrings, waist belts, and headpieces. Flowers, especially jasmine, are often
braided into the hair, adding elegance.
Another essential element is the ghungroo (ankle bells). These bells create rhythmic sounds
that match the dancer’s footwork, making the performance both visual and musical.
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Male Costume
Male dancers typically wear a dhoti paired with a decorative upper cloth. The look is simple
yet majestic, allowing freedom of movement while maintaining a classical appearance.
Overall, the costume is not just about beauty—it helps communicate character, mood, and
cultural identity.
Music in Kuchipudi
Music is the soul of Kuchipudi. Without it, the dance would lose much of its emotional
depth. Kuchipudi performances are based on the classical South Indian music system known
as Carnatic music.
Key Elements of the Music
1. Vocal Music:
A singer narrates the story through songs written mostly in Telugu or Sanskrit. The dancer
interprets these lyrics through movements and expressions.
2. Instruments:
Several traditional instruments support the performance:
• Mridangam – A double-sided drum that provides the main rhythm.
• Violin – Adds melody and emotional depth.
• Flute – Creates a soft, divine atmosphere often associated with Lord Krishna stories.
• Tambura – Maintains a continuous background tone.
The combination of singing and instruments guides the dancer’s timing, expressions, and
steps. Every beat and note is carefully synchronized with the choreography.
Cultural Importance of Kuchipudi
Kuchipudi is more than just an art form—it is a living tradition that connects the present
with the past. Through mythological stories, it teaches values like devotion, humility,
righteousness, and the victory of good over evil.
Today, Kuchipudi is performed on global stages and is recognized as one of India’s eight
major classical dance forms. Yet, despite modernization, it continues to preserve its spiritual
roots.
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Learning Kuchipudi also benefits dancers physically and mentally. It improves posture,
flexibility, discipline, memory, and emotional expression. Many students describe it as a
form of meditation because it requires complete focus and dedication.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Kuchipudi is a vibrant classical dance that beautifully combines movement,
drama, costume, and music. Born in a small village but admired worldwide, it represents the
artistic brilliance of Indian culture. The colorful costumes bring visual charm, while the rich
Carnatic music gives life to every step and expression.
When a Kuchipudi dancer steps onto the stage, they do more than perform—they tell
stories, express emotions, and carry forward a tradition that has survived for centuries.
Watching it is not just seeing a dance; it is experiencing history, devotion, and art all at once.
2. What do you know about Abhinaya and its bhedas ?
Ans: What is Abhinaya?
The word Abhinaya comes from Sanskrit: “Abhi” (towards) + “Naya” (to lead). So, Abhinaya
literally means “to lead the audience towards the meaning”.
In simple words, Abhinaya is the art of expression in Indian dance and drama. It is how a
performer conveys emotions, stories, and ideas to the audience—not just through words,
but through gestures, facial expressions, and movements.
Abhinaya is central to Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Odissi, Kuchipudi, and other classical dance
forms. It transforms dance from mere movement into storytelling.
The Four Bhedas (Types) of Abhinaya
According to Bharata’s Natya Shastra, Abhinaya is divided into four types (bhedas):
1. Angika Abhinaya (Expression through Body)
• This involves using the body—hands, eyes, head, and overall posture—to express
meaning.
• Mudras (hand gestures) are a key part of Angika Abhinaya.
• Example: Showing a lotus flower with fingers, or expressing shyness through a tilt of
the head.
• In dance, Angika Abhinaya is the most visible form of storytelling.
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2. Vachika Abhinaya (Expression through Speech)
• This refers to the use of words, dialogue, or song.
• In drama, actors use speech to convey emotions and meaning.
• In dance, vachika abhinaya appears in the form of lyrics, recitation, or rhythmic
syllables (bols).
• Example: In Kathak, the dancer recites rhythmic syllables while performing. In
Bharatanatyam, the lyrics of a varnam guide the dancer’s expressions.
3. Aharya Abhinaya (Expression through Costume and Makeup)
• This involves external aids like costumes, ornaments, makeup, and stage props.
• They help create the identity of a character—whether divine, royal, or ordinary.
• Example: A dancer wearing Krishna’s crown and peacock feather immediately
conveys the role of Lord Krishna.
• Aharya Abhinaya adds visual richness and helps the audience connect with the
character.
4. Sattvika Abhinaya (Expression through Inner Feelings)
• This is the most subtle and powerful form of abhinaya.
• It comes from genuine inner emotion—tears, trembling, blushing, or a serene smile.
• Unlike Angika or Aharya, Sattvika cannot be faked; it must arise naturally from the
performer’s emotional involvement.
• Example: A dancer portraying devotion to Lord Shiva may genuinely feel moved, and
that inner emotion shines through.
Why Abhinaya is Important
• Storytelling: Abhinaya transforms dance into narrative art.
• Emotional Connection: It allows the audience to feel the emotions of the character.
• Cultural Transmission: Through abhinaya, myths, legends, and philosophies are
conveyed.
• Completeness: Without abhinaya, dance would be only physical movement. With
abhinaya, it becomes spiritual and artistic.
Making It Relatable
Think of Abhinaya like the different tools a painter uses:
• Angika is the brush strokes (body movements).
• Vachika is the colors (words and sounds).
• Aharya is the canvas background (costume and setting).
• Sattvika is the soul of the painting (true emotion).
Together, they create a complete picture that touches the heart of the audience.
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Conclusion
• Abhinaya means expression—leading the audience towards meaning.
• It has four bhedas:
o Angika (body movements)
o Vachika (speech and song)
o Aharya (costume and makeup)
o Sattvika (inner emotion)
• Each bheda plays a unique role, but together they make performance holistic and
powerful.
SECTION-B
3. Write about the Guru-Shishya parampara.
Ans: The Guru–Shishya Parampara is one of the oldest and most respected traditions of
learning in India. The phrase itself comes from Sanskrit: “Guru” means teacher or spiritual
guide, and “Shishya” means student or disciple. “Parampara” refers to a continuous chain or
tradition that is passed down from one generation to the next. Together, Guru–Shishya
Parampara describes a beautiful system of education based not just on teaching subjects,
but on shaping character, values, discipline, and wisdom.
To understand this tradition, imagine a time long before modern schools, classrooms, and
textbooks existed. Students did not sit in rows taking notes from a blackboard. Instead, they
lived with their teacher, often in a peaceful forest setting called a gurukul. Life in a gurukul
was simple, but it was deeply meaningful. The guru was not just an instructor — he was a
mentor, guide, protector, and sometimes even a parental figure.
A Relationship Beyond Books
What makes the Guru–Shishya Parampara truly special is the relationship between the
teacher and the student. Today, education often focuses mainly on exams, marks, and
degrees. But in the Guru–Shishya system, learning was much broader. Students were taught
how to think, how to live, how to behave, and how to understand the world.
The shishya showed complete respect, trust, and dedication toward the guru. In return, the
guru shared knowledge selflessly and guided the student toward both intellectual and
spiritual growth. This relationship was built on patience and personal attention. Since the
number of students was usually small, the guru understood each student’s strengths,
weaknesses, and personality.
Learning was not limited to reading scriptures or memorizing lessons. Students participated
in daily chores such as collecting firewood, cooking, cleaning, and caring for animals. These
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activities taught humility, responsibility, and independence. Education was therefore a
blend of practical skills and deep knowledge.
Knowledge Passed Through Generations
Another important feature of the Guru–Shishya Parampara was the oral tradition. Much of
the knowledge — including sacred texts, music, philosophy, mathematics, and astronomy —
was passed down verbally. Students listened carefully, memorized teachings, and repeated
them until they became part of their minds and hearts.
This method required strong concentration and discipline. But it also ensured that
knowledge remained pure and unchanged across generations.
The tradition was especially important in fields like classical music, dance, yoga, and
spirituality. A student would spend many years learning directly from the guru, observing
not only what the teacher said but also how the teacher lived. The idea was simple: true
learning comes as much from example as from instruction.
Discipline and Respect
Discipline formed the backbone of the Guru–Shishya Parampara. Students woke up early,
followed a structured routine, and practiced self-control. They were encouraged to stay
away from distractions and focus fully on their studies.
Respect for the guru was considered essential. This respect was not based on fear but on
gratitude. Students understood that their teacher was helping shape their future. Even after
completing their education, many students remained connected to their guru throughout
life.
At the end of their training, students often offered gurudakshina — a token of gratitude. It
was not always money; sometimes it was a promise, a service, or fulfilling a task requested
by the guru. The true purpose was to express thankfulness rather than to “pay” for
education.
Character Building Over Career Building
One of the most beautiful aspects of this system is its focus on character development.
Modern education often prepares students for jobs, but the Guru–Shishya tradition
prepared them for life.
Students learned values such as:
• Honesty
• Compassion
• Self-discipline
• Patience
• Respect for others
• Simplicity
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These qualities helped them become responsible members of society.
The guru also taught students how to face challenges with courage and wisdom. Instead of
simply giving answers, the teacher encouraged questioning and reflection.
Relevance in Modern Times
You might wonder — does the Guru–Shishya Parampara still exist today?
The answer is yes, although its form has changed. While most students now attend schools
and universities, the spirit of this tradition continues in many areas. For example, in classical
arts, students still train under a master for years. Even in modern mentorship programs, the
idea of close guidance reflects this ancient system.
However, today’s fast-paced lifestyle sometimes makes such deep relationships rare.
Technology has made learning easier, but it cannot replace the warmth, inspiration, and
personal guidance of a dedicated teacher.
This is why many educators believe that combining modern methods with the values of the
Guru–Shishya Parampara can create a more balanced education system.
Why This Tradition Matters
The Guru–Shishya Parampara teaches us that education is not just about collecting
information — it is about transformation. A good teacher does not simply fill a student’s
mind with facts; they help awaken curiosity, confidence, and wisdom.
This tradition also reminds us of the importance of gratitude. Behind every successful
person is often a teacher who believed in them.
Moreover, it highlights that learning is a lifelong journey. Even the greatest scholars
considered themselves students because knowledge has no end.
Conclusion
In essence, the Guru–Shishya Parampara is far more than an ancient educational method —
it is a philosophy of life. It shows us the power of trust between teacher and student, the
importance of discipline, and the beauty of learning with sincerity.
Though the world has changed dramatically, the core message of this tradition remains
timeless: true education shapes not only the mind but also the heart.
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4. Write in detail about Thumri in Kathak.
Ans: What is Thumri?
• Thumri is a semi-classical vocal form of North Indian music.
• It is known for its expressive, romantic, and devotional themes, often centered on
love stories of Radha and Krishna.
• Unlike khyāl, which emphasizes raga grammar and improvisation, thumri focuses on
bhāva (emotion) and abhinaya (expression).
• It is usually sung in lighter ragas and tālas like dadra, deepchandi, keherwa, which
allow flexibility and ornamentation.
Thumri in Kathak
Kathak, as a dance form, is deeply connected to storytelling and abhinaya. Thumri provides
the perfect musical canvas for Kathak dancers to express emotions through gestures, facial
expressions, and graceful movements.
1. Role of Thumri in Kathak
• Thumri is used in Kathak to highlight abhinaya (expressive storytelling).
• The dancer interprets the lyrics of the thumri, enacting emotions like love, longing,
jealousy, or devotion.
• It allows the dancer to move beyond pure rhythm (nritta) into expressive dance
(nritya).
2. Themes of Thumri in Kathak
• Most thumris are based on Krishna-Radha lore.
• Common themes include:
o Radha waiting for Krishna.
o Playful banter between lovers.
o Devotional surrender to the divine.
• These themes give Kathak dancers scope to portray subtle emotions and dramatic
storytelling.
3. Musical Features
• Thumri is sung in light ragas like Kafi, Pilu, Bhairavi.
• Tālas used are Dadra (6 beats), Keherwa (8 beats), or Deepchandi (14 beats).
• The music is flexible, allowing the singer and dancer to stretch or repeat lines for
expressive effect.
4. Dance Techniques in Thumri
• Abhinaya: The dancer uses facial expressions, eye movements, and hand gestures to
enact the lyrics.
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• Angika (body movements): Graceful postures and delicate movements enhance the
mood.
• Sanchari Bhāva: The dancer explores multiple emotions within a single thumri,
expanding the narrative.
• Improvisation: Just as singers improvise, dancers also improvise gestures and
movements to match the mood.
5. Examples of Thumri in Kathak
• A thumri like “Kaun Gali Gayo Shyam” allows the dancer to portray Radha’s longing
and search for Krishna.
• “Baju Band Khul Khul Jaye” is playful, giving scope for flirtatious expressions.
• “Mohe Panghat Pe Nandlal Chhed Gayo Re” depicts Krishna teasing the gopis, full of
dramatic abhinaya.
Importance of Thumri in Kathak
• Emotional Depth: It brings out the expressive side of Kathak, beyond pure rhythm.
• Cultural Connection: It ties Kathak to devotional and romantic traditions of North
India.
• Audience Engagement: Thumri performances are relatable, as they depict human
emotions everyone understands.
• Balance: It balances the technical brilliance of nritta with the emotional richness of
nritya.
Making It Relatable
Think of Kathak without thumri as a painting without colors—it would be only outlines.
Thumri adds the shades of emotion, turning the dance into a living story. Just as a singer
uses voice to express love or devotion, a Kathak dancer uses thumri to express those
feelings through movement and abhinaya.
Conclusion
• Thumri is a semi-classical form of Hindustani music, rich in emotion and expression.
• In Kathak, thumri plays a vital role in showcasing abhinaya, allowing dancers to enact
themes of love, devotion, and playfulness.
• It uses light ragas and flexible tālas, giving scope for improvisation.
• Thumri in Kathak transforms dance into storytelling, making it soulful and relatable.
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SECTION-C
5. Describe Indian and Western Dances in detail.
Ans: Indian Dance
Indian dance is deeply connected with tradition, spirituality, and storytelling. In India, dance
is not just entertainment—it is often considered a form of worship and a way to connect
with the divine. Many classical dances originated in temples, where dancers performed to
please the gods.
Indian dances are broadly divided into Classical and Folk dances.
Bharatanatyam (Classical Dance of Tamil Nadu)
Bharatanatyam is one of the oldest classical dance forms in India, believed to be over 2,000
years old. It originated in the temples of Tamil Nadu and was traditionally performed by
female dancers called Devadasis.
What makes Bharatanatyam special is its combination of expressions (Abhinaya), hand
gestures (Mudras), and precise footwork. Every movement has meaning. A dancer can
narrate an entire story—often based on Hindu mythology—without speaking a single word.
The dancer’s costume is colorful and elegant, usually paired with temple jewelry and ankle
bells called ghungroo. When the bells synchronize with the rhythm, the performance
becomes mesmerizing.
More than just a dance, Bharatanatyam requires discipline, years of training, and emotional
depth.
Kathak (Classical Dance of North India)
Kathak began as a storytelling tradition in North India. The word “Kathak” comes from
Katha, meaning story. Early performers traveled from village to village narrating tales from
epics like the Mahabharata and Ramayana through dance.
One of Kathak’s most striking features is the fast spinning movement called chakkar.
Dancers also perform extremely complex footwork while keeping perfect timing with the
tabla.
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Unlike Bharatanatyam, which has strong temple roots, Kathak later flourished in royal courts
during the Mughal period. Because of this, it beautifully blends Hindu and Persian
influences.
Kathak performances often feel graceful yet energetic—like poetry in motion.
Bhangra (Folk Dance of Punjab)
If classical dances reflect discipline and storytelling, folk dances represent celebration—and
Bhangra is the perfect example!
Originating in Punjab, Bhangra started as a harvest dance performed by farmers to celebrate
a successful crop season. Today, it is performed worldwide at festivals, weddings, and
cultural events.
Bhangra is full of energy. The powerful beats of the dhol (drum) instantly make people want
to move. Dancers jump, kick, and clap with infectious enthusiasm.
What makes Bhangra beautiful is its spirit of happiness. You don’t need years of training to
enjoy it—just enthusiasm!
Western Dance
Western dance styles developed mainly in Europe and America. While some forms are
classical and structured, many Western dances focus on freedom, creativity, and
individuality.
Let us look at two famous Western dance styles.
Ballet (The Foundation of Western Dance)
Ballet began during the Italian Renaissance and later became extremely popular in France
and Russia. It is often called the backbone of Western dance because many modern styles
evolved from it.
Ballet is known for its grace, balance, and technical precision. Dancers appear to float across
the stage as if gravity does not exist. One of the most iconic elements is dancing en pointe,
where ballerinas perform on the tips of their toes.
Training in ballet is very demanding. Dancers spend years building strength and flexibility.
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Most ballet performances tell a story—often about love, magic, or adventure—without
dialogue. Famous productions like Swan Lake prove that dance alone can deeply move an
audience.
Hip-Hop (The Voice of Youth)
Hip-hop is almost the opposite of ballet in style, yet equally powerful. It emerged in the
1970s in the streets of New York as part of hip-hop culture.
This dance form is all about self-expression. There are no strict rules—dancers create their
own moves, often inspired by the music’s beats.
Popular elements include breaking, popping, locking, and freestyle movements. Hip-hop is
energetic, modern, and constantly evolving.
Today, it dominates music videos, talent shows, and global competitions, making it
especially popular among young people.
Key Differences Between Indian and Western Dance
Understanding the differences makes both traditions even more fascinating:
1. Purpose:
Indian classical dances often focus on spirituality and storytelling, while Western dances
usually emphasize entertainment and artistic innovation.
2. Technique:
Indian dancers rely heavily on facial expressions and symbolic gestures. Western dancers
often highlight body movement, posture, and spatial patterns.
3. Tradition vs Experimentation:
Indian classical dances follow rules developed centuries ago. Western dance styles
frequently change and adapt with modern trends.
4. Music:
Indian dance is closely tied to classical ragas and rhythmic cycles. Western dance often uses
orchestral or contemporary music.
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Conclusion
Both Indian and Western dances are treasures of human creativity. Indian dance teaches us
patience, discipline, and the beauty of tradition. Western dance inspires freedom,
imagination, and innovation.
But despite their differences, they share one powerful truth: dance is a universal language.
You do not need to understand the lyrics or the culture to feel its emotion. A graceful spin, a
rhythmic step, or an energetic jump can speak directly to the heart.
In today’s global world, the boundaries between dance styles are slowly disappearing. Many
dancers now blend classical Indian movements with hip-hop or contemporary styles,
creating something entirely new.
6. Write at length about Nayika Bhedas.
Ans: Nayika Bhedas is a beautiful and expressive concept found in Indian classical arts such
as music, dance, poetry, and drama. The term comes from Sanskrit, where “Nayika” means
“heroine” and “Bheda” means “types” or “classifications.” Together, Nayika Bhedas refer to
the different emotional states and personalities of a heroine, especially in relation to her
beloved. This idea has been deeply explored in classical Indian literature and performing
arts because emotions are considered the soul of artistic expression.
To understand Nayika Bhedas, imagine a story of love. Love is never just one feeling—it is
joy, longing, anger, excitement, jealousy, patience, and sometimes even pain. Ancient
scholars recognized this emotional richness and categorized heroines based on how they
respond to love and relationships. These classifications help performers portray emotions
more realistically and allow audiences to connect deeply with the characters.
One of the earliest and most important sources discussing Nayika Bhedas is the ancient
Sanskrit treatise on performing arts, the Natyashastra.
Natyashastra
Written by the sage Bharata Muni, this text explains how emotions (rasas) and expressions
(bhavas) should be presented on stage. Nayika Bhedas became an essential part of this
system because they bring emotional depth and human relatability to performances.
The Eight Classical Types of Nayikas (Ashta Nayika)
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The most famous classification is the Ashta Nayika, meaning “Eight Heroines.” Each type
represents a particular emotional situation in love. Let us explore them in a simple, story-
like manner so that you can easily visualize each one.
1. Vasakasajja Nayika – The One Who Prepares for Union
Imagine a young woman decorating her room with flowers, applying perfume, and wearing
her finest clothes. Her heart beats faster because her beloved is about to arrive. Every small
sound makes her turn toward the door with hopeful eyes.
This is the Vasakasajja Nayika—the heroine who is fully prepared for union. She symbolizes
excitement, anticipation, and romantic hope. Artists often show her surrounded by beauty
because her inner happiness reflects in her surroundings.
2. Virahotkanthita Nayika – The One Distressed by Separation
Now picture a heroine standing near a window, gazing endlessly at the road. The night
grows darker, but her beloved has not arrived. Anxiety fills her heart.
The Virahotkanthita Nayika represents deep longing. She suffers because of separation and
constantly wonders why her lover is late. This type expresses the pain of waiting—
something almost everyone has felt at some point in life.
3. Svadhinabhartrika Nayika – The One Whose Beloved Is Devoted to Her
Here we see a confident heroine whose beloved is completely loyal. He listens to her, stays
close to her, and values her happiness.
The Svadhinabhartrika Nayika symbolizes fulfillment and emotional security. Instead of
longing or worrying, she enjoys mutual love and trust. This type reflects the ideal
relationship—balanced and affectionate.
4. Kalahantarita Nayika – The One Separated After a Quarrel
Have you ever argued with someone you care about and later regretted it? This heroine has
done exactly that. After a quarrel, she pushed her beloved away. Now she feels lonely and
wishes she could undo the moment.
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The Kalahantarita Nayika represents the emotional complexity of love—how anger can
quickly turn into sorrow. Her story teaches us about patience and understanding in
relationships.
5. Khandita Nayika – The One Angry at Her Unfaithful Lover
It is dawn, and the beloved finally appears—but with signs that he has spent the night
elsewhere. The heroine’s eyes flash with anger.
The Khandita Nayika is strong and self-respecting. She does not silently accept betrayal.
Instead, she expresses her hurt openly. This type highlights dignity and emotional honesty.
6. Vipralabdha Nayika – The One Who Feels Deceived
This heroine waited all night at the meeting place—but her beloved never came. Slowly,
hope turned into heartbreak.
The Vipralabdha Nayika represents the pain of broken promises. Her emotion is quieter
than anger; it is the sadness that comes when trust is shattered.
7. Proshitabhartrika Nayika – The One Whose Lover Is Far Away
Her beloved has gone to a distant land for work or duty. Days feel like months, and festivals
bring more loneliness than joy.
The Proshitabhartrika Nayika reflects patient devotion. She remains faithful despite the
distance, showing the strength of true love.
8. Abhisarika Nayika – The One Who Boldly Goes to Meet Her Lover
Finally, imagine a dark, stormy night. Thunder roars, yet the heroine steps out fearlessly to
meet her beloved.
The Abhisarika Nayika is courageous and passionate. She does not wait—she takes action.
This type celebrates determination and the power of love over fear.
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Why Nayika Bhedas Are Important
Nayika Bhedas are not just artistic categories; they are reflections of human psychology.
Every type represents emotions that people experience in real life—anticipation, jealousy,
regret, loyalty, courage, and longing.
For dancers and musicians, these classifications act like emotional guides. When performing,
they help artists portray expressions with clarity and authenticity. For example, a classical
dancer must change her facial expressions, posture, and gestures depending on whether
she is playing a hopeful Vasakasajja or an angry Khandita.
Even today, these archetypes influence storytelling in films, theatre, and literature. Many
modern romantic characters unknowingly follow the patterns described centuries ago.
A Deeper Understanding
If we look closely, the Ashta Nayika teaches us something profound: love is not a single
emotion but a journey. Sometimes we prepare with excitement, sometimes we wait with
tears, sometimes we fight, and sometimes we forgive. Through these heroines, ancient
scholars showed that emotional experiences are universal and timeless.
Another important aspect is that these heroines are not weak figures defined only by
romance. Many of them display strength, independence, and emotional intelligence—
especially the Khandita and Abhisarika. This makes the concept surprisingly progressive,
even in a modern context.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Nayika Bhedas beautifully capture the many shades of love through eight
distinct heroines. Rooted in classical tradition yet deeply relatable, they remind us that
emotions connect all human beings across time.
SECTION-D
7. Write the notaons of Teen Taal-Paran, Chakardar Paran, Kavit and Salami.
Ans: Introduction: Teen Tāl
• Teen Tāl is one of the most important tālas in Hindustani music.
• It has 16 beats (mātrās) divided into 4 vibhāgas (sections) of 4 beats each.
• The thekā (basic pattern) is:
Dha Dhin Dhin Dha | Dha Dhin Dhin Dha | Dha Tin Tin Ta | Ta Dhin Dhin Dha
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This cycle is the canvas on which tabla players present different compositions like paran,
chakradār, kavit, and salāmī.
1. Paran in Teen Tāl
• Paran compositions come from the pakhāwaj tradition, often used in dhrupad.
• They are powerful, using heavy bols like dha, dhin, kat, tita.
• Example notation of a Paran in Teen Tāl:
Dha Dha - Kat Tita | Dha Dha - Kat Tita | Dha Dha - Kat Tita | Dha Dha - Kat Tita
• The paran emphasizes strength and grandeur, giving a majestic feel.
2. Chakradār Paran
• Chakradār means a composition repeated three times, landing on the sam (first
beat) each time.
• A Chakradār Paran is a paran played thrice, with mathematical precision.
• Example notation:
Dha Dha Tita Kat | Dha Dha Tita Kat | Dha Dha Tita Kat | Sam
(repeated three times, each cycle ending exactly on sam).
• This is often used as a climax in tabla solo, showing mastery of timing.
3. Kavit in Teen Tāl
• Kavit is a unique composition where poetry (in Hindi, Braj, or Sanskrit) is recited with
rhythmic bols.
• It blends literature and rhythm, making tabla performance dramatic and expressive.
• Example:
Poetic line: “Shiv Shankar Girija Pati, Damru Bajaye” Notation:
Dha - Tita Kat | Dha - Tita Kat | Dha - Tita Kat | Dha - Tita Kat
• The bols are aligned with the words, creating a rhythmic recitation.
• Kavits often describe gods, festivals, or mythological stories.
4. Salāmī in Teen Tāl
• Salāmī is a composition played at the beginning of a solo performance.
• It is like a respectful “salute” to the audience and tradition.
• Example notation:
Dha - Ge Na | Dha - Ge Na | Dha - Ge Na | Dha - Ge Na
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• It is played with dignity, setting the tone for the concert.
Why These Compositions Matter
• Paran: Shows strength and connection to pakhāwaj tradition.
• Chakradār Paran: Demonstrates mathematical precision and climax.
• Kavit: Blends poetry with rhythm, adding drama.
• Salāmī: Sets the respectful mood at the start of performance.
Together, they make tabla solo in Teen Tāl a complete journey—beginning with salāmī,
exploring paran, climaxing with chakradār, and adding poetic flavor with kavit.
Conclusion
In Teen Tāl:
• Paran emphasizes strength.
• Chakradār Paran shows precision.
• Kavit blends poetry and rhythm.
• Salāmī opens with respect.
8. Write about any ve Folk dances of Harayana.
Ans: Phag Dance
Phag dance is closely connected with the festival of Holi, the festival of colors. The word
Phag comes from the Hindu month Phalguna, when winter ends and spring begins. Nature
becomes colorful, crops start ripening, and happiness fills the air — this same joy is reflected
in the dance.
This dance is mainly performed by women. Wearing bright ghagras, traditional jewelry, and
colorful dupattas, they gather in circles and sing playful songs. The songs often include
friendly teasing, jokes about relationships, and descriptions of spring.
What makes Phag special is its natural energy. There are no strict rules or complicated
steps. The dancers clap, move gracefully, and sometimes act out the lyrics of the songs.
Cultural Meaning:
Phag dance symbolizes happiness, friendship, and the excitement of a new season. It shows
how closely village life is connected with nature.
2. Dhamal Dance
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If Phag represents softness and joy, Dhamal represents strength and enthusiasm. This dance
is traditionally performed by men, especially after a good harvest.
Imagine farmers who have worked hard in their fields for months. When the crops are
ready, they celebrate their success with music and dance — that celebration becomes
Dhamal.
The dancers form a circle, beat drums, clap loudly, and move with powerful steps.
Sometimes they carry sticks or scarves, adding more excitement to the performance.
The rhythm starts slowly but soon becomes fast and energetic. Watching Dhamal feels
almost like watching a wave of energy moving through the group.
Cultural Meaning:
Dhamal reflects bravery, teamwork, and gratitude for nature’s blessings. It also shows the
strong spirit of Haryana’s farming community.
3. Khoria Dance
Khoria is a dance full of laughter and fun, usually performed during wedding ceremonies.
When the groom’s procession leaves the bride’s house, the women stay back and celebrate
by singing humorous songs and dancing.
One interesting feature of Khoria is imitation. Women often mimic men — their walking
style, conversations, or daily habits — in a playful way. This creates a cheerful atmosphere
filled with laughter.
Unlike stage dances, Khoria feels very personal and emotional because it happens among
family members and neighbors.
Cultural Meaning:
Khoria strengthens social bonds. It gives women a chance to express themselves freely and
enjoy moments of relaxation during busy wedding rituals.
4. Loor Dance
Loor is one of the most graceful folk dances of Haryana and is especially popular among
young unmarried girls.
This dance is also linked with the arrival of spring. The performers sing songs about dreams,
friendship, love, and future married life. Their movements are gentle and coordinated,
creating a beautiful visual rhythm.
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The dancers usually stand in pairs or small groups, swaying and stepping in harmony with
the music.
There is a sweetness in Loor that makes it different from louder dances like Dhamal — it
feels almost poetic.
Cultural Meaning:
Loor represents youth, hope, and the transition from girlhood to adulthood. It captures the
emotions and aspirations of young women.
5. Jhumar Dance
Jhumar is known for its slow, rhythmic, and graceful movements. The name comes from
the word jhumna, which means “to sway gently.”
This dance is often performed during festivals and special occasions. The dancers move in
circles with soft steps, creating a calm and mesmerizing effect.
There is no hurry in Jhumar — every movement flows smoothly into the next. Watching it
feels peaceful, almost like listening to a soothing melody.
Cultural Meaning:
Jhumar symbolizes elegance, patience, and emotional balance. It reminds us that
celebration does not always have to be loud; sometimes it can be quiet and graceful.
Conclusion
The folk dances of Haryana are much more than entertainment — they are living
expressions of culture, history, and community life. Each dance tells a story:
• Phag brings the colors of spring.
• Dhamal celebrates hard work and harvest.
• Khoria fills weddings with laughter.
• Loor reflects youthful dreams.
• Jhumar expresses grace and harmony.
Together, these dances show the true spirit of Haryana — simple, strong, joyful, and deeply
connected to tradition.
Even in today’s modern world, these folk dances continue to thrive. They are performed at
cultural festivals, school programs, and national events, helping younger generations stay
connected to their roots.
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When we learn about these dances, we do more than study culture — we understand how
people celebrate life itself.
“This paper has been carefully prepared for educaonal purposes. If you noce any
mistakes or have suggesons, feel free to share your feedback.”
